I. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH — DEFINITION & PROGRAMMES
A DEFINITION
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Simple meaning | Healthy reproductive organs with normal functions ⭐ |
| Broader perspective | Includes emotional & social aspects of reproduction also ⭐ |
| WHO definition | Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction — i.e., Physical, Emotional, Behavioural & Social ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Reproductively healthy society | People with physically & functionally normal reproductive organs + normal emotional & behavioural interactions in all sex-related aspects ⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023 (Manipur): Reproductive health = total well-being in all aspects of reproduction (TRUE).
B INDIA'S PROGRAMMES
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| India's distinction | Among the first countries in the world to initiate action plans at national level ⭐⭐ |
| Family Planning programmes | Initiated in 1951 ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Current name | Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes ⭐⭐ |
| Major tasks | Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects + providing facilities & support for a reproductively healthy society ⭐ |
C AWARENESS & EDUCATION & D. INDICATORS OF IMPROVED HEALTH
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Media used | Audio-visual & print media; governmental & non-governmental agencies ⭐ |
| Key role players | Parents, close relatives, teachers, friends ⭐ |
| Sex education in schools | Should be encouraged → provides right information → discourages myths & misconceptions ⭐⭐ |
| Topics | Reproductive organs, adolescence & related changes, safe & hygienic sexual practices, STDs, AIDS ⭐ |
| For fertile couples | Birth control options, care of pregnant mothers, post-natal care, importance of breast-feeding, equal opportunities for male & female child ⭐ |
Indicators of Improved Reproductive Health ⭐
- Decreased maternal & infant mortality rates ⭐
- Increased medically assisted deliveries ⭐
- Increased couples with small families ⭐
- Better detection & cure of STDs ⭐
- Overall increased medical facilities ⭐
II. AMNIOCENTESIS & SAHELI
A AMNIOCENTESIS — PROCEDURE & USES
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Procedure | Some amniotic fluid of developing foetus is taken → analyse foetal cells & dissolved substances ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Legitimate uses | Test for genetic disorders — Down syndrome, Haemophilia, Sickle-cell anaemia etc. ⭐⭐⭐ • Determine survivability of foetus ⭐⭐ |
| When performed | Usually when woman is 14–16 weeks pregnant ⭐⭐ |
| Statutory ban | Ban on amniocentesis for sex determination → to legally check increasing menace of female foeticides ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Ban is part of | RCH programme strategies ⭐ |
| Can detect | Down syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Sex of foetus ⭐ |
| Cannot detect | Jaundice (NOT a genetic disorder detectable by amniocentesis) ⭐⭐ • Cleft palate (structural abnormality, not reliably detected by amniocentesis fluid analysis) ⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023: Assertion — 'Amniocentesis for sex determination is one of the strategies of RCH' → FALSE (it is BANNED, not a strategy); Reason — 'Ban checks female foeticide' → TRUE. So A is false but R is true.
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2016 (I), 2013: Amniocentesis — 14–16 weeks; used for prenatal sex determination (though banned); can detect Down syndrome; CANNOT detect cleft palate or Jaundice!
B SAHELI — NEW ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Developed by | Scientists at CDRI (Central Drug Research Institute) in Lucknow, India ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Type | Non-steroidal oral contraceptive ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Dosage | Once a week pill ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Side effects | Very few side effects ⭐⭐ |
| Contraceptive value | High ⭐ |
| Mechanism | Blocks estrogen receptors in the uterus → prevents eggs from getting implanted ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023, 2018: Saheli = oral method (NOT barrier/surgical/natural); blocks estrogen receptors in uterus, preventing implantation; NOT an IUD; NOT a post-coital contraceptive.
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023 (Manipur) TRAP: Saheli developed by CDRI (Lucknow), NOT in collaboration with ICMR (New Delhi).
III. POPULATION EXPLOSION & CONTROL MEASURES
A WORLD & INDIA POPULATION
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| YEAR | WORLD POPULATION | INDIA POPULATION |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 2 billion | — |
| Independence | — | ~350 million |
| 2000 | ~6 billion | ~1 billion |
| 2011 | 7.2 billion | 1.2 billion |
B CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION & C. 2011 CENSUS
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| CAUSE / REPORT | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Rapid decline in | Death rate, MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate), IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) ⭐⭐ |
| Increase in | Number of people in reproducible age ⭐ |
| Improved | Health facilities & living conditions ⭐ |
| 2011 Census Report | Population growth rate = Less than 2 percent i.e., 20/1000/year ⭐⭐ |
D MEASURES TO CONTROL POPULATION
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| MEASURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Motivate | Smaller families — "Hum Do Hamare Do" ⭐ |
| Statutory marriageable age | Female = 18 years; Male = 21 years ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Incentives | Given to couples with small families ⭐ |
| Contraceptive methods | Widely propagated ⭐ |
IV. CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
A IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Properties | User-friendly, Easily available, Effective, Reversible with no or least side effects ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Should NOT | Interfere with sexual drive, desire and/or sexual act of the user ⭐ |
B CATEGORIES OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
1. NATURAL / TRADITIONAL METHODS ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Principle | Avoiding chances of ovum & sperms meeting ⭐⭐ |
| Side effects | Almost nil (no medicines or devices used) ⭐ |
| Failure rate | High ⭐ |
| METHOD | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| (i) Periodic Abstinence | Couples avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 of menstrual cycle (fertile period — ovulation expected) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| (ii) Withdrawal / Coitus Interruptus | Male partner withdraws penis from vagina just before ejaculation → avoids insemination ⭐⭐⭐ |
| (iii) Lactational Amenorrhea | Absence of menstruation during intense lactation following parturition → no ovulation → no cycle → no conception ⭐⭐⭐ • Effective only upto maximum 6 months following parturition ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2024, 2023, 2022, 2013, 2019: Periodic abstinence (day 10 to 17) is a legal birth control method. Lactational amenorrhea is effective upto 6 months and is hormone-mediated. Vaults is NOT a natural method (it is a barrier method!).
2. BARRIER METHODS ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Principle | Ovum & sperms prevented from physically meeting with help of barriers ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Action | Prevent fertilisation ⭐⭐ |
| BARRIER | DETAIL | FOR WHOM |
|---|---|---|
| Condoms | Thin rubber/latex sheath to cover penis (male) or vagina & cervix (female) ⭐⭐⭐ • Protects from STIs & AIDS ⭐⭐⭐ • Nirodh = popular brand (males) ⭐ • Disposable; self-inserted ⭐ |
Both males & females |
| Diaphragms | Rubber barriers inserted into female reproductive tract to cover cervix ⭐⭐ | Females |
| Cervical caps | Same as diaphragms — cover cervix ⭐⭐ | Females |
| Vaults | Same category — rubber barriers for females ⭐⭐ • All three (diaphragms, caps, vaults) are reusable ⭐⭐ • Block entry of sperms through cervix ⭐⭐⭐ |
Females |
🔑 NOTE: Spermicidal creams, jellies & foams are usually used alongside barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency ⭐⭐⭐
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023, 2024, 2021, 2016: Cervical caps and Vaults = barrier methods; prevent fertilisation; block entry through cervix.
3. INTRA UTERINE DEVICES (IUDs) ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| What | Small objects made of plastic or copper ⭐ |
| Inserted by | Doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina ⭐⭐ |
| Ideal for | Females who want to delay pregnancy and/or space children ⭐⭐ |
| In India | One of most widely accepted methods of contraception ⭐⭐ |
THREE TYPES OF IUDs ⭐⭐⭐
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| TYPE | EXAMPLES |
|---|---|
| (i) Non-medicated IUDs | Lippes loop ⭐⭐⭐ |
| (ii) Copper releasing IUDs | CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 ⭐⭐⭐ |
| (iii) Hormone releasing IUDs | Progestasert, LNG-20 ⭐⭐⭐ |
MECHANISMS OF IUDs ⭐⭐⭐
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| MECHANISM | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| All IUDs | Increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Cu ions (from copper releasing IUDs) | Suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Hormone releasing IUDs (additional) | Make uterus unsuitable for implantation + cervix hostile to sperms ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2024, 2022, 2017: Non-medicated = Lippes loop; Copper releasing = Multiload 375, CuT, Cu7; Hormone releasing = LNG-20, Progestasert. IUDs INCREASE phagocytosis (not decrease!). Cu ions suppress sperm motility & fertilising capacity (not inhibit gametogenesis or ovulation!).
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2022 RE: Progestogens is NOT an IUD (it is used in pills/injections/implants).
4. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES (PILLS) ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Composition | Small doses of either progestogens alone OR progestogen–estrogen combinations ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Form | Tablets (pills) ⭐ |
| Schedule | Daily for 21 days starting preferably within first 5 days of menstrual cycle ⭐⭐ |
| Gap | 7 days (menstruation occurs) → then repeat same pattern ⭐ |
| Effectiveness | Very effective with lesser side effects ⭐ |
⭐ Functions of Pills (Very High Yield):
- Inhibit ovulation ⭐⭐⭐
- Inhibit implantation ⭐⭐
- Alter quality of cervical mucus → prevent/retard entry of sperms ⭐⭐⭐
5. INJECTIONS & IMPLANTS ⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Composition | Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen ⭐⭐ |
| Form | Injections or implants under the skin ⭐⭐ |
| Mode of action | Same as pills ⭐⭐ |
| Effective period | Much longer than pills ⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2024, 2020: Injections & implants = same combination as pills; work same as pills but effective period is longer. Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen are used as pills, injections AND implants!
6. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Administration | Progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs ⭐⭐ |
| Timing | Within 72 hours of coitus ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Purpose | Avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse ⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2019: Lactational amenorrhea, Pills, Emergency contraceptives — all involve a role of hormone.
7. SURGICAL METHODS (STERILISATION) ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Terminal method to prevent any more pregnancies ⭐⭐ |
| Mechanism | Blocks gamete transport → prevents conception ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Effectiveness | Highly effective ⭐ |
| Reversibility | Very poor ⭐⭐⭐ |
| METHOD | FOR | PROCEDURE |
|---|---|---|
| Vasectomy | Males ⭐⭐ | Small part of vas deferens removed or tied up through small incision on scrotum ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Tubectomy | Females ⭐⭐ | Small part of fallopian tube removed or tied up through small incision in abdomen or through vagina ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023, 2021, 2014: Vasectomy = surgical removal of vas deferens; Tubectomy = small part of fallopian tube removed or tied up.
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2016 (II), 2016 (I): Vasectomy blocks gamete TRANSPORT, NOT spermatogenesis! Sperms are still produced in testes and reach epididymis; vasectomy blocks transport at vas deferens level → no sperm in seminal fluid, but sperms DO occur in epididymis!
C SIDE EFFECTS OF CONTRACEPTIVES
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Not regular requirement | Contraceptives are NOT regular requirements for maintenance of reproductive health ⭐ |
| Used against | A natural reproductive event (conception/pregnancy) ⭐ |
| Possible ill-effects | Nausea, Abdominal pain, Breakthrough bleeding, Irregular menstrual bleeding, even breast cancer (though not very significant) ⭐⭐ |
V. MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY (MTP)
A MTP — OVERVIEW
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Definition | Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Also called | Induced abortion ⭐⭐ |
| Global numbers | Nearly 45–50 million MTPs per year worldwide ⭐⭐ |
| As fraction | About 1/5th of total conceived pregnancies per year ⭐⭐ |
| Legalised in India | 1971 (with strict conditions to avoid misuse) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Safe period | MTPs considered relatively safe during first trimester i.e., upto 12 weeks of pregnancy ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Riskier | Second trimester abortions are much more riskier ⭐⭐ |
Reasons for MTP ⭐⭐
- Get rid of unwanted pregnancies due to casual unprotected intercourse ⭐
- Failure of contraceptive used during coitus ⭐
- Rapes ⭐
- Continuation of pregnancy harmful or fatal to mother or foetus or both ⭐⭐
MTP (Amendment) Act, 2017 ⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Up to 12 weeks | Can be terminated on opinion of one registered medical practitioner ⭐ |
| 12–24 weeks | Requires opinion of two registered medical practitioners ⭐ |
Misuse & Dangers ⭐⭐
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| ISSUE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Illegal MTPs | Performed by unqualified quacks → unsafe → can be fatal ⭐⭐ |
| Misuse of amniocentesis | To determine sex → female foetus → MTP → illegal ⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2011, 2013: MTP safe during first trimester (upto 12 weeks). Abortion by taking appropriate medicine = a legal method of birth control.
VI. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS)
A DEFINITION
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| STIs = | Infections/diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Also called | Venereal Diseases (VD) or Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) ⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023: STI = also called VD or RTI.
B COMMON STIs
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| DISEASE | CAUSATIVE AGENT | CURABLE? |
|---|---|---|
| Gonorrhoea | Neisseria ⭐⭐⭐ | ✅ Yes (if detected early) |
| Syphilis | Treponema ⭐⭐⭐ | ✅ Yes (if detected early) |
| Genital Herpes | Virus ⭐ | ❌ NOT completely curable ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Chlamydiasis | Chlamydia ⭐ | ✅ Yes |
| Genital Warts | Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) ⭐⭐⭐ | ✅ Yes (per NCERT text) |
| Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas ⭐ | ✅ Yes |
| Hepatitis-B | Virus ⭐ | ❌ NOT completely curable ⭐⭐⭐ |
| HIV → AIDS | HIV ⭐⭐ | ❌ NOT completely curable ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
RE-NEET 2024: Common STIs — Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiasis, Genital warts, Hepatitis-B, Trichomoniasis, HIV → AIDS.
C CURABLE vs NOT CURABLE
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| COMPLETELY CURABLE (IF EARLY DETECTION) | NOT COMPLETELY CURABLE |
|---|---|
| Gonorrhoea ⭐ Syphilis ⭐ Chlamydiasis ⭐ Genital warts ⭐ Trichomoniasis ⭐ |
Hepatitis-B ⭐⭐⭐ Genital Herpes ⭐⭐⭐ HIV infection ⭐⭐⭐ |
🔑 CRITICAL: Except Hepatitis-B, Genital herpes & HIV infections → other diseases are completely curable if detected early ⭐⭐⭐
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2024 RE, 2020, 2019: NOT curable = Genital herpes + Hepatitis-B + HIV infection. Gonorrhoea, Syphilis & Trichomoniasis = completely curable when detected early.
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2017: Gonorrhoea = Neisseria; Syphilis = Treponema; Genital Warts = Human Papilloma Virus (HPV); AIDS = HIV. NCERT says 'Except hepatitis-B, genital herpes and HIV, others are completely curable' → so genital warts IS curable per NCERT!
D OTHER MODES OF TRANSMISSION
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| MODE | DISEASES |
|---|---|
| Sharing injection needles, surgical instruments | Hepatitis-B & HIV ⭐⭐ |
| Transfusion of blood | Hepatitis-B & HIV ⭐⭐ |
| Infected mother to foetus | Hepatitis-B & HIV ⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2021: VD can spread through — transfusion of blood from infected person + infected mother to foetus (but NOT using sterile needles, NOT kissing, NOT inheritance). TRAP: 'Using sterile needles' does NOT spread VD (STERILE = safe)!
E SYMPTOMS & F. PREVENTION
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Early symptoms | Minor — itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings in genital region ⭐⭐ |
| Infected females | May often be asymptomatic → remain undetected for long ⭐⭐ |
| Complications if untreated | PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, cancer of reproductive tract ⭐⭐ |
| High incidence age group | 15–24 years ⭐ |
• Prevention: Avoid sex with unknown/multiple partners; always use condoms during coitus; in case of doubt → qualified doctor → early detection → complete treatment ⭐⭐.
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2015 RE: Ectopic pregnancies = implantation of embryo at site other than uterus. Encephalitis is NOT a sexually transmitted disease!
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2020: Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital herpes = all STDs (Malaria, Filaria, Cancer are NOT STDs).
VII. INFERTILITY & ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ART)
A INFERTILITY — DEFINITION
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Definition | Inability to conceive or produce children even after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Reasons | Physical, Congenital, Diseases, Drugs, Immunological, Psychological ⭐⭐ |
| In India | Often female is blamed — but more often problem lies in male partner ⭐ |
| Help | Infertility clinics → diagnosis & corrective treatment ⭐ |
| When correction not possible | Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) ⭐⭐⭐ |
B ART — MASTER TABLE
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| TECHNIQUE | FULL FORM | DETAIL |
|---|---|---|
| IVF | In Vitro Fertilisation | Fertilisation outside the body in similar conditions → followed by Embryo Transfer (ET) = Test Tube Baby Programme ⭐⭐⭐ |
| ZIFT | Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer | Zygote or early embryo (upto 8 blastomeres) transferred into fallopian tube ⭐⭐⭐ |
| IUT | Intra Uterine Transfer | Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres transferred into uterus ⭐⭐⭐ |
| GIFT | Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer | Transfer of ovum from a donor into fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment ⭐⭐⭐ |
| ICSI | Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection | Sperm directly injected into ovum in the laboratory → forms embryo (in vitro) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| AI | Artificial Insemination | Semen collected from husband or healthy donor → artificially introduced into vagina or uterus (IUI) of female ⭐⭐⭐ |
| IUI | Intra Uterine Insemination | Type of AI where semen introduced into uterus ⭐⭐ |
C KEY DISTINCTIONS — ZIFT vs IUT
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| CRITERION | ZIFT | IUT |
|---|---|---|
| Blastomeres | Upto 8 ⭐⭐⭐ | More than 8 ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Transferred to | Fallopian tube ⭐⭐⭐ | Uterus ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2020, 2016, 2014, 2015: Embryos transferred to assist females who cannot conceive = ZIFT & IUT. Upto 8 blastomeres = ZIFT into fallopian tube; >8 blastomeres (e.g., 16 blastomeres) = IUT into uterus! GIFT = Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer.
⚡ EXAM TRAP
NEET 2023 (Manipur), 2017, 2013: ICSI is NOT in-vivo fertilisation (it is in-vitro — done in laboratory!). Very low sperm count or inability to inseminate → corrected by Artificial Insemination (AI).
D IN-VIVO FERTILISATION & E. LIMITATIONS OF ART
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| In-vivo fertilisation | Fusion of gametes within the female body → embryos formed can also be used for transfer (ZIFT/IUT) to assist females who cannot conceive ⭐⭐ |
| Require | Extremely high precision, specialised professionals, expensive instrumentation ⭐ |
| Availability & Affordability | Presently available in very few centres in India; benefits affordable to limited number of people ⭐ |
| Deterrents | Emotional, Religious & Social factors ⭐ |
| Alternative | Legal adoption — one of the best methods for couples looking for parenthood ⭐ |
VIII. RAPID REVISION — 7 MASTER COMPARISON TABLES
TABLE 1: All Contraceptive Methods ⭐⭐⭐
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| CATEGORY | METHODS | MECHANISM | SIDE EFFECTS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Natural | Periodic abstinence (Day 10–17); Withdrawal; Lactational amenorrhea (≤6 months) | Avoid ovum-sperm meeting | Almost nil; high failure rate |
| Barrier | Condoms; Diaphragms; Cervical caps; Vaults + Spermicidal creams/jellies/foams | Physical barrier; prevent fertilisation | Nil (also protect from STIs) |
| IUDs | Non-medicated (Lippes loop); Copper (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375); Hormone (Progestasert, LNG-20) | ↑ Phagocytosis; Cu ions suppress motility; Hormone IUDs: uterus unsuitable, cervix hostile | Minimal |
| Oral pills | Progestogen or Progestogen-Estrogen (21 days); Saheli (once/week, non-steroidal) | Inhibit ovulation & implantation; alter cervical mucus | Lesser side effects |
| Injectables / Implants | Progestogen ± Estrogen | Same as pills; longer effective period | Similar to pills |
| Emergency | Progestogen / Progestogen-Estrogen / IUDs within 72 hours | Prevent pregnancy after unprotected coitus | — |
| Surgical | Vasectomy (males — vas deferens); Tubectomy (females — fallopian tube) | Block gamete transport; terminal method | Irreversible; very poor reversibility |
TABLE 2: Three Types of IUDs ⭐⭐⭐
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| TYPE | EXAMPLES | SPECIAL MECHANISM |
|---|---|---|
| Non-medicated | Lippes loop | ↑ Phagocytosis of sperms |
| Copper releasing | CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 | Cu ions suppress sperm motility & fertilising capacity |
| Hormone releasing | Progestasert, LNG-20 | Above + uterus unsuitable for implantation + cervix hostile to sperms |
TABLE 3: STIs — Causative Agents ⭐⭐⭐
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| STI | CAUSATIVE AGENT |
|---|---|
| Gonorrhoea | Neisseria |
| Syphilis | Treponema |
| Genital Herpes | Virus (Herpes Simplex) |
| Chlamydiasis | Chlamydia |
| Genital Warts | Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) |
| Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas |
| Hepatitis-B | Virus |
| AIDS | HIV |
TABLE 4: Curable vs NOT Curable STIs ⭐⭐⭐
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| COMPLETELY CURABLE (IF EARLY DETECTION) | NOT COMPLETELY CURABLE |
|---|---|
| Gonorrhoea Syphilis Chlamydiasis Genital warts Trichomoniasis |
Hepatitis-B Genital Herpes HIV infection |
TABLE 5: ART — Blastomere Count & Transfer Site ⭐⭐⭐
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| TECHNIQUE | BLASTOMERE STAGE | TRANSFER SITE |
|---|---|---|
| ZIFT | Upto 8 blastomeres | Fallopian tube |
| IUT | More than 8 blastomeres | Uterus |
| GIFT | Ovum (gamete stage) | Fallopian tube (of recipient female) |
TABLE 6: Vasectomy vs Tubectomy ⭐⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | VASECTOMY | TUBECTOMY |
|---|---|---|
| For | Males | Females |
| Structure affected | Vas deferens | Fallopian tube |
| Procedure | Small part removed/tied through incision on scrotum | Small part removed/tied through incision in abdomen or vagina |
| Reversibility | Very poor | Very poor |
| Effect on gamete production | Sperms still produced (blocks transport only) | Ova still produced (blocks transport only) |
TABLE 7: Key Organisations & Years ⭐⭐
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| FEATURE | DETAIL |
|---|---|
| Family Planning initiated in India | 1951 |
| MTP legalised in India | 1971 |
| Saheli developed by | CDRI, Lucknow |
| Marriageable age (Female) | 18 years |
| Marriageable age (Male) | 21 years |
IX. COMMON EXAM TRAPS — QUICK REFERENCE
CONSOLIDATED PYQ Q&A TABLE ⭐⭐⭐
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| TRAP / QUESTION | CORRECT ANSWER |
|---|---|
| Reproductive health (WHO) = ? | Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction (physical, emotional, behavioural, social) ⭐⭐ |
| Family planning programmes started in India? | 1951 ⭐ |
| Current programme name? | RCH (Reproductive & Child Health Care) ⭐ |
| Amniocentesis — legitimate uses? | Detect genetic disorders (Down syndrome, Haemophilia, Sickle-cell anaemia); determine foetal survivability ⭐⭐ |
| Amniocentesis — banned for? | Sex determination (to check female foeticides) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Can amniocentesis detect Jaundice? | NO ⭐⭐ |
| Can amniocentesis detect cleft palate? | NO ⭐⭐ |
| Amniocentesis — when performed? | 14–16 weeks pregnant ⭐ |
| Amniocentesis for sex determination — RCH strategy? | NO — it is BANNED (not a strategy) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Saheli developed by? | CDRI, Lucknow (NOT ICMR, New Delhi) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Saheli — steroidal or non-steroidal? | Non-steroidal ⭐⭐ |
| Saheli dosage? | Once a week ⭐⭐ |
| Saheli mechanism? | Blocks estrogen receptors in uterus → prevents implantation ⭐⭐ |
| Is Saheli an IUD? | NO — it is an oral contraceptive ⭐⭐ |
| Is Saheli a post-coital contraceptive? | NO ⭐ |
| Marriageable age — female? | 18 years ⭐ |
| Marriageable age — male? | 21 years ⭐ |
| Ideal contraceptive properties? | User-friendly, easily available, effective, reversible, no/least side effects ⭐ |
| Periodic abstinence — which days? | Day 10 to 17 of menstrual cycle ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Coitus interruptus = ? | Male withdraws penis just before ejaculation ⭐⭐ |
| Lactational amenorrhea = ? | Absence of menstruation during intense lactation ⭐⭐ |
| Lactational amenorrhea effective for? | Maximum 6 months after parturition ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Vaults — natural or barrier? | Barrier method ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Condoms protect from? | Conception + STIs & AIDS ⭐⭐ |
| Diaphragms, cervical caps, vaults — reusable? | Yes ⭐ |
| Spermicidal creams/jellies used with? | Barriers (to increase contraceptive efficiency) ⭐ |
| IUDs inserted by? | Doctors or expert nurses (NOT surgical intervention) ⭐ |
| Non-medicated IUD example? | Lippes loop ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Copper releasing IUD examples? | CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 ⭐⭐ |
| Hormone releasing IUD examples? | Progestasert, LNG-20 ⭐⭐⭐ |
| IUDs increase or decrease phagocytosis? | INCREASE phagocytosis of sperms ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Cu ions do what? | Suppress sperm motility & fertilising capacity ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Cu ions inhibit gametogenesis? | NO ⭐⭐ |
| Cu ions make uterus unsuitable for implantation? | NO — that is hormone-releasing IUDs ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Cu ions inhibit ovulation? | NO ⭐⭐ |
| Hormone IUDs additional role? | Uterus unsuitable for implantation + Cervix hostile to sperms ⭐⭐ |
| IUDs ideal for? | Females wanting to delay/space children ⭐ |
| Is Progestogens an IUD? | NO — it is used in pills/injections/implants ⭐⭐ |
| Oral pills contain? | Progestogens OR Progestogen-Estrogen combination ⭐⭐ |
| Pills taken for how many days? | 21 days starting within first 5 days of menstrual cycle ⭐ |
| Pills function? | Inhibit ovulation & implantation; alter cervical mucus ⭐⭐ |
| Injections/implants — mode of action? | Same as pills but longer effective period ⭐ |
| Emergency contraceptives — within how many hours? | 72 hours of coitus ⭐⭐ |
| Vasectomy — what is removed/tied? | Small part of vas deferens ⭐⭐ |
| Vasectomy — incision where? | Scrotum ⭐ |
| Vasectomy prevents spermatogenesis? | NO — blocks gamete TRANSPORT only ⭐⭐⭐ |
| After vasectomy — sperms in epididymis? | YES — sperms still reach epididymis ⭐⭐⭐ |
| After vasectomy — sperms in seminal fluid? | NO (blocked at vas deferens level) ⭐⭐ |
| Tubectomy — what is removed/tied? | Small part of fallopian tube ⭐⭐ |
| Tubectomy — incision where? | Abdomen or through vagina ⭐ |
| Surgical methods — reversibility? | Very poor ⭐⭐ |
| Hysterectomy = ? | Surgical removal of uterus ⭐⭐ |
| MTP = ? | Intentional/voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term = induced abortion ⭐⭐ |
| MTP legalised in India? | 1971 ⭐⭐ |
| MTP safe period? | First trimester — upto 12 weeks ⭐⭐ |
| MTPs per year worldwide? | 45–50 million ⭐ |
| Fraction of total conceived pregnancies? | 1/5th ⭐ |
| STI also called? | VD (Venereal Disease) or RTI (Reproductive Tract Infections) ⭐ |
| NOT completely curable STIs? | Hepatitis-B, Genital herpes, HIV ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Completely curable STIs? | Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Chlamydiasis, Genital warts, Trichomoniasis ⭐⭐ |
| Gonorrhoea causative agent? | Neisseria ⭐⭐ |
| Syphilis causative agent? | Treponema ⭐⭐ |
| Genital warts causative agent? | Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) ⭐⭐ |
| AIDS causative agent? | HIV ⭐ |
| STIs transmitted by needles/blood/mother-to-foetus? | Hepatitis-B & HIV ⭐⭐ |
| VD spread through sterile needles? | NO (sterile = safe) ⭐⭐ |
| VD spread through kissing? | NO ⭐ |
| VD spread through inheritance? | NO ⭐ |
| Early STI symptoms? | Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings ⭐ |
| Ectopic pregnancy = ? | Implantation of embryo at site other than uterus ⭐⭐ |
| Encephalitis — an STD? | NO ⭐⭐ |
| Malaria — an STD? | NO ⭐ |
| Filaria — an STD? | NO ⭐ |
| Cancer — an STD? | NO ⭐ |
| Infertility = ? | Inability to conceive after 2 years of unprotected sexual cohabitation ⭐⭐ |
| IVF = ? | In Vitro Fertilisation (outside body) → Test Tube Baby programme ⭐⭐ |
| ZIFT — how many blastomeres? | Upto 8 ⭐⭐⭐ |
| ZIFT — transferred to? | Fallopian tube ⭐⭐⭐ |
| IUT — how many blastomeres? | More than 8 ⭐⭐⭐ |
| IUT — transferred to? | Uterus ⭐⭐⭐ |
| GIFT = ? | Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer — ovum from donor → fallopian tube of another female ⭐⭐ |
| ICSI = ? | Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection — sperm injected directly into ovum (in lab) ⭐⭐ |
| ICSI — in vivo or in vitro? | In vitro (NOT in vivo) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| AI = ? | Artificial Insemination — semen introduced into vagina/uterus ⭐⭐ |
| AI used when? | Male partner unable to inseminate OR very low sperm count ⭐⭐ |
| IUI = ? | Intra Uterine Insemination (type of AI into uterus) ⭐ |
| Females who cannot conceive assisted by? | ZIFT & IUT ⭐⭐ |
| Very low sperm count → technique? | Artificial Insemination (AI) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| Embryo with 16+ blastomeres transferred to? | Uterus (IUT) ⭐⭐ |
| Legal adoption — best method for? | Couples looking for parenthood ⭐ |